Generations of Computer (कंप्यूटर की पीढियां) in english

COMPUTER SOFTWARE COURSE IN HINDI AND ENGLISH 

Generations of Computer (कंप्यूटर की पीढियां

What is computer: - computer is commonly operating machine particularly used for trending education Research

C                COMPUTER

O               operating

M              Machine

P                Particularly

U               Used for

T                Trending

E                Education

R               Research

Generation of Computer:-
सन् 1942  में पहला  इलेक्‍ट्रॉनिक डिवाइस, वैक्‍यूम ट्यूब (Vacuum Tube) युक्‍त एनिएक कम्‍प्‍यूटर की शुरूआत ने कम्‍प्‍यूटर के विकास को एक आधार प्रदान किया कम्‍प्‍यूटर के विकास के इस क्रम में कई महत्‍वपूर्ण डिवाइसेज की सहायता से कम्‍प्‍यूटर ने आज तक की यात्रा तय की। इस विकास के क्रम को हम कम्‍प्‍यूटर में हुए मुख्‍य परिवर्तन के आधार पर निम्‍नलिखित पॉंच पीढि़यों में बॉंटते हैं:-


The development electronic computers. It divided into 5 disc kiting phases there for is called generation of computer.

1.     First               generation

2.     Second          generation

3.     Third             generation

4.     Fourth           generation

5.      Fifth              generation

      
1First generation: - since (1942-1955)

First generation computer used vacuum tube for circuitry

Magnetic drums are use for memory

They where inormush machine tacking inter room they were very expensive

It used a great deal  of electricity and generated a lot of heat

Input was based  on punched card

Output was in the form of printers  
  

Computer understand primary coded language  able to solve and on problem at a time

            Example;-

ENIAC: -    ( electronic numeric instigated calculator)

VNIVAC: - (universal automatic computer)

EDSAC: -   (electronic dally storage automatic computer)

2Second generation of computer (1955-1965)

Second generation of computer used transistor made up to semi conductor material

Like germenyam  and silicon 

computer size our reduced magnetic disk for memory

Computational times  reduced to micromili second from millisecond

computer become faster,smaller,and cheaper

input was still in the form of punched card

Output was in the form of printout 

programming was done in machine language  | Ex :-

IBM 700

IBM 1401

ATLAS

3Third Generation computer (1965-1976)

Third generation computer used IC   (integrated circuit) IC consist of single chip with component like transistor resistor

With the help of IC computer decreases its Size it is cheaper become more faster in third generation computer user

Interacted with keyboard, monitor, operating system were developed

High level language used for programming

 Ex: - NCR 395    UNIVAC 1108

National cash register

4Fourth generating of computer (1976-1985)

It use microprocessor in this period microprocessor  built on single

Cheep  of silicon 
this microprocessor  contains  thousand  of I. C. S  
  
TED HOFF produced the first microprocessor   in (1971) for Intel it was

Known as Intel 4004

 the technology of Integrated circuits improved rapidly

This LSI  (large scale integrated)

And  VLSI  (very large scale integrated ) Circuit was designed

 during this period very integrated with GUI( graphics user interface)

In this period computer  become more popular faster and cheaper (floppy disk and mouse begain  for used)

Example:- APPLE-2

CRAY – 1   (Cray is the first super computer in the world)

5Fifth  generation of computer( 1985-till)

Fifth generation of computer involve the concept of artificial intelligence.

Which make the  computer think like human being

Example :- ROBOT

Characteristics of computer

Speed

Accuracy

Storage capacity

Tiredlessness     (me be)

Versatility

Speed    : - a computer can do it work at a very fast speed it can perform thousand of calculation in a seconds

Accuracy            :-a computer always gives on accurate result

Storage capacity          : - the storage capacity of a computer very vast/ hues amount. it storage large amount a work     ‘ the computer can store document pictures  and move and many other important

Tiredness                  :- a computer  never get tired or bored . it can do a lot of work  repetitively at the same speed

Versatility         : - a computer can do different types of work efficiently. it can perform multiple task at the same time such as graphics playing game, working with numbers on words

(1) According to size there are two types of computer

Large size

Small size

According to large size there are three types of computer

(1) Super computer

(2) Mainframe computer

(3) Mini computer

Supercomputer :- a supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computer
Super computer have been used for scientist and engineering  application
that must handle very large database do great amount computation  for both

feature of supercomputer

fastest programming speed

highest storing capacity

multi user

more expensive

Mainframe computer: - mainframe is a type of computer

That is generally known for large size amount of storage .processing power and high level of reliability

Feature of mainframe computer:-

Processing speed faster than any computer a part from super computer

Storing large velum of data

Multi user

More expensive

Mini computer:- a mini computer to is a type of computer that processor of most feature and capacity of a large computer bot is smaller in physical size

feature of mini computer

less processing speed then mainframe computer

less storing capacity data than mainframe computer

less expensive than mainframe computer

(2) According to small size there are three of computer.

micro computer
laptop 
Notebook
Palmtop/ handheld

computer has main tow parts
Hardware
Software
mHardware:-the phiysical and tuchable component of computer system is called hardware

Example :- keyboard, mouse, monitor CPU, etc

• A  computer hardware has following unit
• input  unit
• output unit
• processing unit
• storage unit

Input unit :- an input unit is any hardware drive  that  sends data to a computer always you to intrect with and control it 

There are following input device:-

1. keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Joystick
4. Light fan
5. Track ball 
6. Digital camera
7. MCIR
8. OMR
9. OCR
10. SCR
11. Graphic Tablet
12. Touch Scanner 
13. Scanner
14. Web Camera
15. BCR
16. Bio metric Sencor
17. Microphone

(a)Keyboard:- it s the most important input device to enter data directly input a computer it looks like type writer it has different types of keys to enter data

Keyboard are of two size 84 and 101/102 key but now keyboard with 104 key 108 key are also available 

some key are given below:-

1.    Alphabet keys
2. 
   

   Numeric key

3. 
   

   Arrow key

4. 
   

   Control key

5. 
   

   Delete key

6. 
   

   Enter key

7. 
   

   Sift key

8. 
   

   Tab key

9. 
   

   Windows key

10. 
    

    Space key

11. 
    

    Caps lock

12. 
    

    Tab key 

13. 
    

    Num lock

14. 
    

    Escape key

15. 
    

    Alt key

16. 
    

    Function key  

    
    

Alphabet key :- this key is used to enter alphabet A   to  Z

Numeric key:- these key are used to enter the numeric key  example :- 0 to 9

Aerow key:- the key are used to more the corsour  in the four direction left←  right→  up↑ down↓ 

Control key:- this key is always used with other key to create effect 

Caps Lock key:- this key is used to  capitals the letter were number effected 

Number key:- the number key are use for typing number

space key :- the longest key on the keyboard on know as the space bar

back space key:- the back space key is use to eraser to a cractor to the last side of the cursor 

shift key:- the shift key is use to type the spacial symbol on the open part of the key

 the key is use to move the cursor down to the next line it is also use to send command and instruction into the complete 

symbol key:- the symbol key have spacial cractor on then there typed with the help of shift key there place on the upor on the number key 

Tabe key:- pressing this key allow you to jump the cursor the five space for wrod

navigition key:- ctrl, + Home, ctrl+end, home+end,. pegup, peg-down, delete button, insert, arrow key 

Mouse:- it  is one of the most popular pointing dives which are being used frequently to control cursor around the screen .it has tow to three button that used to select an object or opening a program available in 

following types

1. wheel mouse
2. laser mouse
3. wireless mouse

wheel mouse:- it contains buttons as well that is used to page up /down. the main thirg is that it has a ball under it that rotates

when a user has been dragging over there. it this way screen pointer is controlled

laser mouse:-it is very similar two the wheel mouse but the diffrent is that it alser beam of light. to get through mousepad instead of reoling ball remaining other function are same like wheel mouse

Wireless mouse:- mouse does not require a capable to attach it contains with internal batty like day so it per forms all other mouse function using wireless technology

joystic:- it is mother computer input device having "Bass" md "stick" is known as joystics the stick is connected to the base so the stick can move frelly up to 180 degree that is used to mouse an object on the screen by moving

Light pen :- it is also  a pointing device we move it an the screen just like on ordinary pen but it works with electricity it is used for drowning map,picture and also write alphabets

Track ball:- it is also a pointing device like joystick but is round in shape that allow to move object around the screen easily

Graphics tablet:- graphic tablet is now very useful input device of a computer it is used to draw with the electronic pen which is saved on the computer

Touch screen:- a touch screen is a screen that you touch with your finger to input in formation
Scanner:-this input device are used to scam image from photograph  ,poster ,magazines directly input computer

 There are tow types of scanner  

1. Flat bed sacnner
2. hand held

Flat bed scanner:- it has a flat surface mode of glass where item to be scanner is placed it works like photocopy  machine

Hand held scanner:- this scanner is used by deranging it over the object that is to be scanned it is most commonly used in shopping stores 

Web camera:- it is also called webcam it is a video capturing  device connected  to computer  webcam technology is widely used in field such as video conferencing or video calling 

MICR:- This  is input devices is used to read identify magnetized charactor printed on a document such of chaque

OCR:- it stands for (optical character recognition) is used to read the real time optical character

OMR:- it  stands for (optical mark recognition) is the devices which can read human mark. it is mostly used now a day or multiple choise examination survey and lest

SCR:-this is input device is used to identify the smart card number such as Pan, Card Atm Card,

BCR:- it stand for Bar code reader this input device is used to read the number of goods
Bio metric sensor:- a bio metric sensor device is a security identification and authentication  device such as device use automated method of verifying or recognizing the identify of living person

Microphone:- a microphone is used to record or voice and different sound into the computer using microphone we can also talk to our friends on the internet 

OUT PUT DEVICE:-an output device is any peripheral that  receive data from a compute usually for display projection and produce graphics 

There are various  output devices:-

• Monitor
• LED
• LCD
• CRT
• Plotter
• projector
• COM
• Speaker
• film recorder
• printer
• Headphone

MONITOR:- the monitor is the piece of  computer hardware that display the video and graphics information generated by the computer monitor are.very similar to television but usually display information at a much higher resolution 

CRT:-it stand for cathode ray tube CRT is the technology used in traditional computer monitor and television 

LCD:-  a liquid crystal display monitor is a computer monitor or display that use and found mostly in laptop computer and flat penal monitor 

LCD:-  it is stand for light emitting diode LED is an electronic device that emitting light when an electronic current is passed through it. modem LED produce several different coloring red green and blue (RGB) light including 
Plotter:- plotter is one kind of printer which is used to print vector graphics .it use a pen pencils maker or another writing tools instead of to

COM:-computer output microfilm is the invention to store the data it convert data and display on computer output microfilm

Projector:- a projector is used to display the data or information on another screen  rather their the monitor 

Speaker:- speaker allow  us to hear music and sound effect stored in computer
Headphone:- headphone is the hearing device which converts the digital signals into the human readable format 

Film recorder:- film recorder is the computer output device which helps to convert the digit image into the photographic film

Printer:- printer are the output equipment which help to makes the image text are graphics into the human readable from on paper

Both input output device

MODEM:- modem are electronic device which convert digital information of computer into analog signal and are also  capable 
of again converting the analog signal to the digital information at the receiving  end

Modem stand for  modulator and Demodulator

1. Modem
2. Touch Screen
3. facsimile (FAX)
4. Audio/ sound card
5. printer + scanner device

        MEMORY:-

primary memory:- it is called internal memory or main memory it is volatile in nature means data or information loss when power is cut off .it is fast accessing memory there force used in computer

• There are two types of primary memory
• RAM:- it stands for access memory it is a part 

• ROM:- of main memory we can read and wright into it is also volatile in nature .it is internally divided into track and sector

There are two types of RAM

1. 
   

   SRAM
2.      DRAM

SRAM:- it consist the property of RAM

DRAM:- it  means data loss when power is cut off it is very costly memory 

Feature of  SRAM

• it has long life
• faster
• used as cash memory
• less size
• expensive

DRAM:- it different from static RAM because it less data within 2 millisecond  to over come this problem computer refresh with time to time as well as it is cost  effective memory

Feature of DRAM:-

• it has short data life time
• Need to refresh continually
• Large size
• Loss expensive 

ROM:- it stand for read only  memory it support only read  ape ration because  it is predefined memory. it is non volatile in nature means data close not loss when power is cut of

Thare are three types of ROM

1. PROM
2.       EROM
3.       EEPROM

PROM:-it  stand  for programmable read only memory . this is used to peesrve  the company related in formation it is writing by ROM programmable at the line install application or assemble hardware

EPROM:- it stand for erasable programmable read only meaning the through it ROM data erase by ROM programmer meaning . it happen during assemble or reinstall the application and hardware 

EEPROM:- it stand for electricity erasable program electrically read only memory through it ROM data erased electricity it happen during reassemble or reinstall the application or hardware

SECONDARY MEMORY:- it is also called  external memory or auxiliary memory because  it externally attach with motherboard. it is non- volatile in nature there for data does not loss when power is cut off it only provide storing facility data and information are permanently store secondary memory but its accessing speed  is slower than main memory it capacity  is high there four store large amount of data it inertly  divided into track and sector the best example of secondary memory is  HDD

There are two types of secondry memory

• SASD
•       DASD

SASD:- it stands for sequential  access storage device. this type of secondary memory works in the form of . sequence it work in dedicated manner where data read and wright in the from of sequence there best example of SASD  is  magnetic TAPE

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